Resumen En el Perú hay dos especies endémicas de algodón, Gossypium barbadense L. y G. raimondii Ulbrich, que han sido utilizadas desde las culturas preincas. Actualmente, en el Perú se busca reevaluar y rescatar estas especies en vista de una mayor demanda del mercado, que busca evitar el uso de colorantes artificiales. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento de la carac- terización del fruto, semilla y fibra de un ecotipo de G. raimondii, conocido como “algodón silvestre”. Para ello, se utilizó material vegetal del Distrito de San Benito, Provincia de Contumazá, Departa- mento de Cajamarca. La fase experimental se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, que consistió en las mediciones de la longitud y del ancho de frutos, semillas y fibras, así como el número de lóculos y semillas. Se consideró un análisis estadístico del tipo descriptivo con 60 repeticiones por cada componente. El fruto tuvo una longitud promedio de 2,14 cm y 1,46 cm de ancho, con cuatro lóculos. Las semillas tuvieron una longitud pro- medio de 5,74 mm y un ancho de 3,25 mm, con un promedio de 23,6 semillas por fruto. En promedio, la fibra tuvo 11,95 mm de largo y 7,34 µm de ancho. La caracterización del fruto, la semilla y la fibra del algodón silvestre, G. raimondii, permite dife- renciarlo del algodón pardo, G. barbadense, y del ecotipo algodón verde (G. raimondii). Se recomienda continuar con estudios moleculares que permitan dilucidar el grado de emparentamiento de estas especies y ecotipos.

Abstract In Peru, there are two endemic cotton species, namely G. barbadense L. and G. raimondii Ulbrich, which have been used since pre-Inca cultures. Currently, in Peru, the reevaluation and rescue of these species and their ecotypes are being carried out given a higher market demand, which seeks to avoid the use of artificial dyes. The current study was carried out, aiming at contributing to the characterization of the fruit, seed, and fiber of an ecotype of G. raimondii known as “wild cotton.” Plant mate- rial from the district of San Benito, province of Contumazá, and department of Cajamarca was used. The experimental phase was carried out in the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, consisting of length and width measurements of cotton fruits, seeds, and fiber, as well as the number of locules and seeds per fruit. A statistical analysis of the descriptive type with 60 repetitions was considered for each component. The fruit had an average length of 2.14 cm and a width of 1.46 cm, with four locules. Seeds had an average length of 5.74 mm and a width of 3.25 mm, with an average of 23.6 seeds per fruit. On average, the fiber was 11.95 mm long and 7.34 µm wide. The characterization of the fruit, seed, and fiber of the “wild cotton” ecotype (G. raimondii) allows differentiating it from the "brown cotton" (G. barbadense) and the "green cotton" ecotype (G. raimondii). We recommend carrying out molecular studies that will help clarify the degree of relatedness of these species and ecotypes.

Resumen El maíz es un cultivo que constituye un componente básico de la dieta de la población estimándose durante el presente año una producción de 1026.61 millones de toneladas. Actualmente existen numerosas teorías acerca de los antecesores silvestres del maíz, siendo Proto-Confite morocho una de las razas primitivas en el Perú, a la cual se le atribuye como antecesor de numerosas variedades nativas. Por ello es importante el conocimiento de su constitución genética ya que brinda la posibilidad de encontrar afinidades filogenéticas e indicadores de clasificación sistemática. El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de elaborar el cariotipo de Zea mays ssp. mays ‘maíz nativo Proto-Confite morocho’ y determinar el número y morfología de los cromosomas. Para ello se empleó material vegetal (semillas) procedentes de la provincia de Virú, Departamento de La Libertad, Perú. La fase experimental se desarrolló en el Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Se concluye que Zea mays ssp. mays maíz nativo Proto-Confite morocho presenta 3 pares de cromosomas (4, 4 ‘, 8, 8’, 10, 10’) submetacéntricos y 7 pares de cromosomas (1, 1 ‘, 2, 2’, 3, 3 ‘, 5, 5 ‘, 6, 6’, 7, 7 ‘, 9, 9’) metacéntricos, cuyo tamaño promedio varía entre 4.16 y 1.88 μm.

Abstract Corn is a crop of great importance in the world since it constitutes a basic component of the diet of the population; a production of 1026.61 million tons was estimated during the present year. Currently, there are many theories about the wild ancestors of corn, being Proto-Confite Morocho one of the primitive races in Peru, which is attributed as the ancestor of numerous native varieties. Therefore, knowledge of its genetic constitution is important since it gives us the possibility of finding phylogenetic affinities and indicators of systematic classification. The present study was carried out with the purpose of elaborating the karyotype of Zea mays ssp. mays ‘native corn’ Proto- Confite morocho and determine the number and morphology of the chromosomes. Corn seeds from the province of Virú, La Libertad, Peru, were used, while the experimental phase was developed in the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology at the National University of T rujillo, where metaphase plaques were obtained, selecting the best to perform the karyotype. It was concluded that the Zea mays ssp. mays ‘native corn’ Proto-Confite morocho presents 3 pairs of chromosomes ( 4, 4’, 8, 8’, 10, 10’) submetacentric and 7 pairs of chromosomes (1, 1’, 2, 2’, 3, 3’, 5, 5’, 6, 6’, 7, 7’, 9, 9’) metacentric, which average size are between 4.16 and 1.88 μm.

Abstract We describe a new species of freshwater crab, Aegla chilota, from two small streams at Yaldad Bay, in the southern end of Chiloé Island, western Patagonia. The new taxon is distinguished from the remaining Chilean species of Aegla Leach, 1820 by the following morphological diagnostic features: rostrum neatly triangular, short, scarcely surpassing eyes; orbital sinus wide, shallow, limited by tiny extra-orbital spine and wide extra-orbital sinus; carpal lobe prominent, triangular, tipped by at least two coalescent acute conical scales; second abdominal epimeron little produced, armed with acute scale; telson plate roughly pentagonal, with functional median suture. Molecular phylogenetic analyses also support the separation and diagnosis of A. chilota from its sister taxon, A. hueicollensis Jara and Palacios, 1999. The type locality for A. chilota n. sp. is a small river that drains a small hilly portion of the south-eastern coast of Chiloé Island; the other river in which the species was found is isolated from the type locality by the Yaldad Bay into which both rivers drain.

Stoicism has been used to describe a wide range of behaviors in the face of disease that go from silence, resistance to the adversity, or 'to make the best of a bad disease'. This study pursued two objectives: 1) analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the LSS; 2) assess the relation between stoicism and gender, age, and the five-factor personality model. NEOcoping is a prospective, multicenter, observational, non-interventionist study. Patients were recruited consecutively at thirteen Spanish teaching hospitals. The following scales were administered: Liverpool Stoicism Scale (LSS) and Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). A total of 443 patients (250 females) with a mean age of 59.8 years (SD =12.3) were enrolled. Colon cancer was the most common, followed by breast cancer. At the total-scale level, mean LSS was lower than the originally reported British sample. The four-factor structure fitted the data well, had a clear interpretation, and the derived scales showed acceptable reliabilities. The personality trait of introversion predicted 4.1% of the variance of stoicism (p<.001). Even though it needs to be improved, the LSS scale demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties to appraise stoicism in the Spanish population with resected cancer.

El estoicismo se ha utilizado para describir una amplia gama de comportamientos frente a la enfermedad que van desde el silencio a la resistencia a la adversidad. Este estudio tiene dos objetivos: 1) analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del LSS; 2) evaluar la relación entre estoicismo, género, edad y el modelo de los cinco grandes factores de personalidad. NEOcoping es un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, observacional, no-intervencionista. Los pacientes fueron reclutados consecutivamente en 13 hospitales universitarios de España. Se aplicó la Liverpool Stoicism Scale (LSS) y el Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). Participaron 443 pacientes (250 mujeres) con una edad media de 59,8 años (SD =12,3). El cáncer de colon y mama fueron los más frecuentes. A nivel de escala total, la puntuación media de la LSS fue inferior a la muestra Británica. La estructura propuesta en cuatro factores proporciona un buen ajuste a los datos, y las puntuaciones en las escalas derivadas presentan fiabilidades aceptables. El rasgo de personalidad de introversión fue capaz de predecir el 4,1% de la variancia de estoicismo (p<,001). Aunque debe ser mejorada, la LSS presenta globalmente unas propiedades psicométricas aceptables para evaluar el estoicismo en pacientes españoles con cáncer resecado.

Abstract The speciose genus Aegla Leach, 1820 is the only valid extant genus of the anomuran family Aeglidae, bearing 83 known species. This diversity may be even greater since there is some evidence for cryptic speciation. The genus is endemic to southern South America, occurring in freshwater habitats. We assessed the conservation status of 82 species of Aegla and found almost 70% of them under some level of threat, which represents a concerning proportion. Major threats to the group include freshwater pollution with urban, agricultural and industrial effluents, habitat modification and fragmentation, riparian forest removal, among others. Conservation measures are required to mitigate the major threats to freshwater ecosystems along rivers where the group occurs.

The ecologic influence of in-stream large wood (LW) was evaluated at reach scale in a third-order channel located in the Coastal Mountain Range, southern Chile. The tested hypotheses were that Coarse Particle Organic Matter (CPOM) retention is higher and benthic macro-invertebrates are more diverse in channel reaches storing higher volumes of LW. Three LW-low-volume reaches (mean LW volume of 8 m³ 100m-1 of reach channel length; plane bed morphology) and three LW-high-volume reaches (mean volume 262 m³ 100m-1; forced pool riffle bed morphology) were selected within a 1557 m-long segment of the study channel. CPOM retention was inferred from the difference between the number of leaves collected in the downstream end of each reach and the leaves introduced in the upstream end. Mean CPOM retention was 72 and 90% among LW-low and high volume reaches, and showed a positive correlation (R = 0.61) with LW volume. Macro-invertebrates were more diverse and abundant in LW-high-volume reaches and the richness was twice than in LW-low-volume reaches. Bray-Curtis similarity index was low (40%) between LW-high and low volume reaches, while it was high (> 60%) among LW-low-volume reaches. Results confirm the hypothesis that OM retention and benthic macro-invertebrate diversity and abundance were higher in high LW volume reaches. The higher diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates associated with LW accumulations confirm that logjams constitute a biotope that offers shelter and food. These results can guide the assessment of environmental impacts of stream intervention and restoration projects. The study was undertaken within the framework of Project Fondecyt 1110609.

La influencia ecológica de la madera en el cauce (LW) fue evaluada a nivel de tramo en un canal de tercer orden localizado en la Cordillera de La Costa, sur de Chile. Las hipótesis planteadas fueron que la retención de Materia Orgánica Particulada Gruesa (CPOM) es mayor y que la diversidad de macro-invertebrados bentónicos es también mayor en tramos que almacenan una mayor cantidad de LW. Tres tramos con bajo volumen de LW (volumen medio de 8 m³ 100m-1 de largo de tramo; morfología de lecho plano) y tres tramos con alto volumen de LW (volumen medio de 262 m³ 100m-1; morfología de lecho de rápidos y pozas) se seleccionaron dentro de un segmento de 1557 m de largo en el canal estudiado. La retención de CPOM fue inferida de la diferencia entre el número de hojas recogidas al final de cada tramo y las hojas introducidas al canal en el extremo de aguas arriba. La retención promedio de CPOM fue 72 y 90% en tramos con bajo y alto volumen de LW, y mostró una correlación positiva (R = 0,61) con el volumen de LW. La diversidad y abundancia de macro- invertebrados fuero mayor en tramos con mayor volumen de LW y la riqueza fue el doble que en tramos con bajo volumen de LW. El índice de similaridad de Bray-Curtis fue bajo (40%) entre tramos con alto y bajo volumen de LW, mientras que fue alto (> 60%) entre tramos con bajo volumen de LW. Los resultados confirman la hipótesis que la retención de CPOM y la diversidad y abundancia de macro-invertebrados bentónicos fueron mayores en tramos con mayor volumen de LW. La mayor diversidad y abundancia de macro-invertebrados asociadas con acumulaciones de LW confirman que los diques de madera constituyen un biotopo que ofrece protección y alimento. Estos resultados pueden guiar la evaluación de los impactos ambientales de proyectos de intervención o restauración de cauces. Este estudio fue desarrollado en el marco del Proyecto Fondecyt 1110609.

Aeglidae are anomuran freshwater "crabs" found only in southern South America. In Brazil, the greatest species diversity occurs in hydrographic basins of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Two new species, Aegla georginae and Aegla ludwigi, are described from the Ibicuí and Ijuí Rivers, respectively (Uruguay River Basin). The new taxa can be distinguished from other Aegla species based on both morphological and molecular characters. The two new species have a very restricted distribution and are categorized as endangered (A. georginae) and critically endangered (A. ludwigi) using IUCN Red List criteria. We also summarize and present new records of the Aegla species occurring in the Uruguay River Basin.

Introducción: El concepto de autonomía se ha convertido en uno de los más importantes en el campo de la bioética. Onora O'Neill es quizás la autora e investigadora contemporánea más representativa en el campo filosófico y bioético en relación con la noción de autonomía. Objetivos: Ofrecer una revisión del concepto de autonomía en la obra de Onora O'Neill, para comprender su aporte a la bioética actual. Método: Se revisa el concepto en la obra de O'Neill en relación con tres preguntas: 1) ¿cuáles son las principales limitaciones de la concepción individualista de autonomía? 2) ¿Cómo entender las relaciones entre confianza y autonomía y sus implicaciones? y 3) ¿qué implicaciones tiene la concepción de autonomía fundamentada en principios para aspectos como la relación médico-paciente y el consentimiento informado. Resultados: El enfoque de O'Neill es original y relaciona la ética kantiana con sus propias ideas sobre la confianza junto con los planos individual y social de la bioética. Conclusiones: La autora ha desarrollado la visión no individualista kantiana de la autonomía. Su conceptualización de la confianza y sus crisis contemporáneas complementan y fortalecen el concepto de autonomía fundamentada en principios. Esta tiene implicaciones más allá de lo teórico y en su obra, O'Neill propone ejemplos y analiza circunstancias que hacen manifiesta la aplicabilidad de sus planteamientos. La obra de O'Neill contribuye a enfrentar los retos que impone el entorno sociopolítico de los sistemas de salud orientados hacia la costoeficiencia y la llamada medicina a la defensiva.

Introduction: Autonomy has become a key concept in bioethics. Onora O'neill is perhaps the most representative author and researcher in the philosophical and bioethical felds regrding the concept of autonomy. Object: To review the concept of autonomy in Onora O'Neill's work so as to understand its relevance in current bioethics. Method: The concept of bioethics is reviewed in relation to three fundamental quesions: 1) Which are the main limitations of the individualistic conception of autonomy? 2) How to understand the relations between trust and autonomy together with their implications? and 3) Which are the implications of principled autonomy for aspects such as doctor-patient relationship and informed consent. The main works by O'Neill are reviewed, specifically regarding medical bioethics. Results: O'neill's approach is original and relates Kantian autonomy to her own conceptions about trust, and both the individual and social levels of bioethics. Conclusions: The author has developed a Kantian non indvidualistic view of autonomy. Her conceptulization of trust and the crises this concept is currently undergoing complement and strengthen the concept of principled autonomy. The implications of O'Neill's concepts go beyond theoretical discussions and in her work she uses examples and analyzes circumstances which demonstrate the applicability of her proposals. O'Neill's work contributes to dealing with the challenges posed by the socio-political context of cost-efficiency oriented health systems and of the so-called defensive medicine.

Three anthraquinones, the well known emodin (3) and physcion (6) and the new anthraquinone glycoside emodin-8־β־D-idopyranoside (7) were isolated from leaves ofMuehlenbeckia hastulata. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was measured using the DPPH assay; all three showed weaker antioxidant activity than gallic acid.

The antioxidant properties of different extracts of quilo (Muehlenbeckia hastulata J., Poligonaceae) herb from Valparaíso region in Chile were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed in three different model systems. Antioxidant models were examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH*). Moreover extracts were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the total peroxyl radical-trapping potential (TRAP). The amount of dried extract, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, hydrolyzed sugar and anthraquinones were also determined. Extracts pertaining to stem and root of the plants were the significant activities DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 0.74 mg/mL to 1.33 mg/mL the more active extracts). The activities and TRAP and FRAP high values in extracts of EtOAc (1.423 and 1.540 mM TEAC) and ethanol (245.26 and 309.04 mM TEAC) stem and root of the plant are higher.The observed differences in antioxidant activity among the different parts of quilo could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics compounds present in the root extract of EtOAc (0.023 mg GAE/g dry extract), flavonoids in the leaves of EtOAc extract (99.12 mg QE/g dry extract), hydrolyzed sugar in the ethanol extract (21.87, 14.85 and 14.32 mg GES/ g dry extract of leaf, stem and roots, respectively) and anthraquinones in the EtOAc extracts (2.50, 1.43 and 0.84 mg EE/ g dry extract of leaf, stem and roots, respectively) .

The antioxidant properties of different extracts of culen (Psoralea glandulosa L., Fabaceae) herb from Gran Valparaíso location in Chile were evaluated. Antioxidant capacity was assessed in four different model systems. Antioxidant models were examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH*) as well as on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the oxidant species. In addition, extracts were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the total peroxyl radical-trapping potential (TRAP). The amount of dried extract, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids and hydrolyzed sugar were also determined. The leaves extracts from culen expressed very strong scavenging activity, reducing the DPPH* (IC50 = 1.00 mg/mL to 1.61 mg/mL) and neutralizing H2O2 (IC50 = 34.29 mg/mL to 64.87 mg/mL). Also, dichloromethane extract of the leaves showed notable index of FRAP (2.71 mM) and TRAP (1.19 mM). The results suggest strong antioxidant potential of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of P. glandulosa that could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics (1.65 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoids (55.34 mg QE/g dry extract) respectively.

Success in the pelagic-benthic transition of the meroplankton depends to a great extent on the environmental signals that induce the settlement and metamorphosis. Acanthocyclus hassleri interacts with sessile colonies of Perumytilus purpuratus and Phragmatopoma virgini from its early ontogenetic stages onwards. Thus, we propose that megalopal development and metamorphosis of A. hassleri are influenced by the presence of such species and/or conspecific adults. We evaluated the development time, frequency of metamorphosis, and survival of megalopae in culture, using as substrates P. purpuratus, P. virgini, empty shells and dwellings of both species, a treatment with water exposed to conespecific adults, and a control experiment without stimulus. Megalopal development was significantly shorter in treatments with a substrate. The average delay in metamorphosis was four days. Mortality was slightly lower in treatments without a substrate, but this was not statistically significant. Megalopal development was influenced by the physical conditions of the substrate, but not the survival because the larvae metamorphosed spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. Delay in metamorphosis was lower than in other species; furthermore, the temperature of the culture was lower than the thermal optimum, thus it is likely that this threshold would be even narrower under conditions closer to the optimum. Comparing our results with studies in estuarine and gregarious species, we suggested that the nature of stimulus and larval response could depend on the population density of the adults and the energy involved in the hydrodynamics of habitat.

El éxito en la transición pélago-bentónica del meroplancton depende en gran medida de las señales ambientales que induzcan el asentamiento y la metamorfosis. Acanthocyclus hassleri interactúa con las colonias sésiles de Perumytilus purpuratus y Phragmatopoma virgini desde etapas ontogenéticas tempranas; por ello planteamos que el desarrollo y la metamorfosis de la megalopa de A. hassleri son influenciadas por la presencia de estas especies y/o adultos conespecíficos. Evaluamos el tiempo de desarrollo, frecuencia de metamorfoseados y supervivencia de megalopas en cultivo, usando como sustratos P. purpuratus, P. virgini, conchas y habitáculos vacíos de ambas especies, un tratamiento con agua de adultos conespecíficos y un control sin estímulo. El desarrollo megalopal fue significativamente más corto en los tratamientos con sustrato. En promedio, el retardo de la metamorfosis fue de cuatro días. La mortalidad fue levemente menor en los tratamientos sin sustrato, pero sin diferencias significativas. El desarrollo de la megalopa está influenciado por las condiciones físicas del sustrato, no así la supervivencia, ya que la larva metamorfosea espontáneamente en ausencia de estímulo. El retardo de la metamorfosis es menor que en otras especies; además, la temperatura de cultivo fue menor a su óptimo térmico, por lo que este umbral puede ser aún mas estrecho en condiciones cercanas al óptimo. Comparando nuestros resultados con estudios en especies estuarinas y gregarias, se sugiere que la naturaleza del estímulo y la respuesta larval puede depender de la densidad poblacional adulta y la energía involucrada en la hidrodinámica del hábitat.

ABSTRACT Due multiple reports of the genotoxic and carcinogenic effect of chromium VI and the permanent exposure of the human beings to this element. Objective. Contributing new evidence of the genotoxicity of potassium dichromate using the biological system Oreochromis niloticus "tilapia" through the micronucleus test and the nuclear quantification of buds in erythrocytes of peripheral blood. Material and methods. The individuals were exposed to increasing concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 ppm) of potassium dichromate. Peripheral blood samples of the branchial arc of each individual were taken at 3th and 7th day of treatment which were processed and colored with Giemsa 5%, erythrocytes in peripheral blood with micronuclei and nuclear buds were quantified. Results. A significant increase of frequencies of micronucleus and nuclear buds in the exposed individuals were registered which were directly proportional to the potassium dichromate concentration (p<0.05). Conclusions. Potassium dichromate caused genetic damage in the cells of O. niloticus.

Existen múltiples reportes del efecto genotóxico y cancerígeno del cromo VI, los seres humanos tenemos una permanente exposición a este elemento. Objetivos. Evidencias la genotoxicidad del dicromato de potasio utilizando como sistema biológico a Oreochromis niloticus "tilapia", mediante el test de micronúcleos y la cuantificación de nuclear buds, en eritrocitos de sangre periférica. Materiales y métodos. Los individuos fueron expuestos a concentraciones crecientes (0,0, 0,2, 0,4 y 0,8 ppm) de dicromato de potasio. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre periférica, del arco branquial de cada individuo (cuatro por grupo), a los tres y siete días de tratamiento, las cuales fueron procesadas y coloreadas con Giemsa 5% y se cuantificaron eritrocitos con micronúcleos y nuclear buds en sangre periférica. Resultados. Se encontró un incremento significativo de las frecuencias de micronúcleos y nuclear buds directamente proporcional a la concentración del dicromato de potasio en los individuos expuestos (p<0,05). Conclusiones. El dicromato de potasio produce daño genético en los eritrocitos de O. niloticus.